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Chartres ((:ʃaʁtʁ)) is a commune and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in France. It is located southwest of Paris. This city is well known for its cathedral. ==History== Chartres was in Gaul one of the principal towns of the Carnutes, a Celtic tribe. In the Gallo-Roman period, it was called ''Autricum'', name derived from the river ''Autura'' (Eure), and afterwards ''civitas Carnutum'', "city of the Carnutes", from which Chartres got its name. The city was burned by the Normans in 858, and unsuccessfully besieged by them in 911. In the year 1000 AD, Hildouin de Breteuil (also called d'Haudouin or Geldouin), of Normans origin, Lord of Nanteuil-le-Haudouin, of Ramerupt of Creil and Breteuil, became the Viscount of Chartres and ''Grand Maître de France'' for the King Robert II of France, was husband of Emmeline de Chartres in 1028 and father of Adèle de Breteuil, that next become wife of Raoul de-Valois Crépy, Earl of Crépy-en-Valois, Amiens and Bar-sur-Aube.〔("Nanteuil Origines", Etienne Pattou, 2006 pursuant to "Histoire du duché de Valois", vol. IV p.125 et suiv. de Claude Carlier, Contribution de Jean-Louis Jacquet (03/2014) sur la famille bourgeoise Parisienne de Pacy )〕 From him, the family de Nanteuil ( Natoli ). During the Middle Ages, it was the most important town of the Beauce. It gave its name to a countship which was held by the counts of Blois, and the counts of Champagne, and afterwards by the House of Châtillon, a member of which sold it to the Crown in 1286. In 1417, during the Hundred Years' War, Chartres fell into the hands of the English, from whom it was recovered in 1432. In 1528, it was raised to the rank of a duchy by Francis I. In 1568, during the Wars of Religion, Chartres was unsuccessfully besieged by the Huguenot leader, the Prince of Condé. It was finally taken by the royal troops of Henry IV on 19 April 1591. On Sunday, 27 February 1594, the cathedral of Chartres was the site of the coronation of Henry IV after he converted to the Catholic faith, the only king of France whose coronation ceremony was not performed in Reims. In 1674, Louis XIV raised Chartres from a duchy to a duchy peerage in favor of his nephew, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. The title of Duke of Chartres was hereditary in the House of Orléans, and given to the eldest son of the Duke of Orléans. In the 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War, Chartres was seized by the Germans on 2 October 1870, and continued during the rest of the war to be an important centre of operations. In World War II, the city suffered heavy damage by bombing and during the battle of Chartres in August 1944, but its cathedral was spared by an American Army officer who challenged the order to destroy it.〔 Note: The Distinguished Service Cross was awarded posthumously for saving the cathedral.〕 On 16 August 1944, Colonel Welborn Barton Griffith, Jr. questioned the necessity of destroying the cathedral and volunteered to go behind enemy lines to find out whether the Germans were using it as an observation post. With his driver, Griffith proceeded to the cathedral and, after searching it all the way up its bell tower, confirmed to Headquarters that it was empty of Germans. The order to destroy the cathedral was withdrawn. Colonel Griffith was killed in action later on that day in the town of Lèves, 3.5 kilometers north of Chartres.〔 For his heroic action both at Chartres and Lèves, Colonel Griffith received, posthumously, several decorations awarded by the President of the United States and the U.S. Military, and also from the French government〔On 21 October 1944, for his heroic action, Colonel Welborn B. Griffith, Jr. was awarded, posthumously, the Distinguished Service Cross:(Hall of Valor: Welborn Barton Griffith, Jr. ) He was also awarded the Silver Star, the Purple Heart, the Legion of Merit, the French Croix de Guerre and the Légion d'Honneur: Eugene G. Schulz, ''The Ghost in General Patton's Third Army'', USA, 2012. ISBN 978-1477141441〕 Following deep reconnaissance missions in the region by the 3rd Cavalry Group and units of the 1139 Engineer Combat Group, and after heavy fighting in and around the city, Chartres was liberated, on 18 August 1944, by the U.S. 5th Infantry and 7th Armored Divisions belonging to the XX Corps of the U.S. Third Army commanded by General George S. Patton.〔Winieska, Françoise, ''August 1944, The Liberation of Rambouillet, France'', SHARY, 1999, pp. 19–23, ISBN 2-9514047-0-0〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chartres」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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